ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ู ุชูุฏู ุฉ ููุฅุนุฑุงุจ ูุงูุญุงูุงุช ุงูุฅุนุฑุงุจูุฉ ุงูู ุนูุฏุฉ ูุงูุชุงุจุนุงุช. ืฆืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืฆืื ืืชืงืืืืช ืืขืืจืืช.
ุงููุงุนู ู ุฑููุน ูุนูุงู ุฉ ุฑูุนู ุงูุถู ุฉ
ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืขืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืกืืื ื ืืืืฉ; English: the subject is raised and its sign of raising is the damma
ุงูู ูุนูู ุจู ู ูุตูุจ ูุนูุงู ุฉ ูุตุจู ุงููุชุญุฉ
ืืืืฉืง ืืื ืืืขืืช ืืงืืกืืืืืื ืืกืืื ื ืืคืชืื; English: the object is lowered and its sign of lowering is the fatha
ุงูุจุฏู ู ุทุงุจู ููู ุจุฏู ู ูู ูู ุงูุฅุนุฑุงุจ
ืืชืืืืฃ ืืืงื ืืืงืื ืืกืืื ืฉื ืืืงืืจื; English: the appositive agrees with the original in case
ุงููุนุช ูุชุจุน ุงูู ูุนูุช ูู ุงูุฅุนุฑุงุจ ูุงูุนุฏุฏ ูุงูููุน
ืืชืืืืจ ืขืืงื ืืืจื ืื ืืฉื ืืขื ืืืงืก, ืืกืคืจ ืืื ืืก; English: the adjective follows the noun in case, number and gender
ุงูู ุถุงู ุฅููู ู ุฌุฑูุฑ ุจุงููุณุฑุฉ ุงูุธุงูุฑุฉ
ืื ืืกื ืืืื ืืื ืืืขืืช ื'ื ืืืืืืื ืขื ืงืกืจื ืืจืืจื; English: the genitive construct is lowered with an apparent kasra
ุงูุจุฏู ุงููู ู ู ุงูุฌุฒุก ู ูุตูุจ ู ุซู ุงูู ุจุฏู ู ูู
ืืชืืืืฃ ืฉื ืืฉืื ืืืืง ืืื ืืขื ืืืชื ืืงืื ืืื ืืืงืืจื; English: the appositive of the whole from the part has the same case as the original
ุงูู ุนุทูู ุนูู ู ูุตูุจ ูููู ู ูุตูุจุงู ุจุงูุนุงุทู
ืืืฆืืจื ืืืืืืจืช ืืืฉืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืืจ; English: the coordinated with a lowered element is lowered by the coordinator
ุงูุญุงู ุฌู ูุฉ ูุนููุฉ ุฃู ุงุณู ูุฉ ูู ู ูุถุน ูุตุจ
ืืฆื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืฉืคื ืคืืขืื ืื ืฉืื ืืชืื ืื ืืื; English: the circumstance can be a verbal or nominal clause in accusative position
ุงูุชู ููุฒ ุงุณู ููุฑุฉ ู ูุตูุจ ูุฒูู ุงูุบู ูุถ
ืืืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืื ืืืืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืกืืจ ืขืืืืืช; English: the distinguisher is an indefinite noun in accusative position that removes ambiguity
ุงูู ุถุงู ุฅููู ูุง ูููููู ุจู ููุฌุฑู ุจุงููุณุฑุฉ
ืื ืืกื ืืืื ืืื ื ื ืืกืฃ ืืืชืืืช ืืื ืืืืจื ืืงืกืจื; English: the genitive construct is not tanween-ed but is lowered with kasra
ุฌู ูุฉ ุงูุตูุฉ ูุง ู ุญู ููุง ู ู ุงูุฅุนุฑุงุจ
ืืฉืคื ืืืืก ืืื ืื ืืงืื ืืืงืกื; English: the relative clause has no place in case
ุงูุฎุจุฑ ุงูู ูุฑุฏ ู ุฑููุน ุฃู ู ูุตูุจ ุญุณุจ ุงููุงูุต
ืื ืชืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืชืื ืืคืืขื ืืกืจ; English: the single predicate is raised or lowered according to the incomplete verb
ุงุณู ูุงู ู ุฑููุน ูุฎุจุฑู ู ูุตูุจ
ืฉื ืฉื 'ืืืืืช' ืืืจื ืืื ืชืื ืฉืื ืืื ืื; English: the subject of kaan is raised and its predicate is lowered
ุงูู ุตุฏุฑ ูู ู ูุถุน ูุตุจ ุฃู ุฌุฑ ุญุณุจ ุงูุณูุงู
ืืืืข ืืืงืื ื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืชืื ืืขืืืช; English: the infinitive in accusative or genitive position according to context
ุงูุงุณุชุซูุงุก ุจู ุฅูุง ู ุณุชุซูู ู ูุตูุจ ุฅู ูุงู ุงูุงุณุชุซูุงุก ุชุงู ุงู
ืืืฆื ืื ืืืื ืขื 'ืืื' ืืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืืฆื ืื ืืืื ืฉืื; English: exception with 'illa' is accusative if the exception is complete
ุงููุฏุจุฉ ูุงุณู ุงูุงุณุชุบุงุซุฉ ู ูุตูุจุงู
ืงืจืืื ืืฉื ืืฆืขืงื ืื ืื ืืื; English: exclamation and the name of distress are accusative
ุงูู ุจุชุฏุฃ ูุงูุฎุจุฑ ูู ุงูุฌู ูุฉ ุงูุงุณู ูุฉ ู ุฑููุนุงู
ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืชืื ืืืฉืคื ืฉืื ื ืื ืืืจืืื; English: the subject and predicate in a nominal sentence are raised
ุงููุนู ุงูู ุงุถู ูุง ูุชุบูุฑ ุจุชุบูุฑ ุงููุงุนู ู ู ุญูุซ ุงูุจูุงุก
ืืคืืขื ืืขืืจ ืืื ื ืืฉืชื ื ืืคื ืืฉืื ืื ืฉื ืื ืืฉื ืืืืื ืช ืืื ืืื; English: the past verb does not change with the change of the subject as to structure
ุงูุฅุถุงูุฉ ุชุฑุจุท ุจูู ุงูู ุถุงู ูุงูู ุถุงู ุฅููู ุจูุง ุญุฑู ุฌุฑ
ืื ืกืคื ืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืกื ืืื ืืกื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืืก; English: the construct connection joins the construct and the construct genitive without a preposition
ุงูุงุณู ุงูู ุดุชู ูุนู ู ุนู ู ุงููุนู ูู ุงููุตุจ ูุงูุฌุฑ
ืืฉื ืื ืืืจ ืคืืขื ืืื ืืคืืขื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืืื; English: the derived noun works like the verb in accusative and genitive
ุงูู ูุงุฏู ุงูุบูุฑ ู ุจูู ูููุตุจ ูุนูุงู ุฉ ูุตุจู ุงููุชุญุฉ
ืื ืงืจื ืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืกืืื ื ืืคืชืื; English: the non-construct vocative is accusative and its sign is fatha
ุงูุธุฑู ุงูู ุถุงู ุฅููู ูู ู ูุถุน ุฌุฑ ุฃู ูุตุจ
ืืืืื ืืืฆืืื ืช ืืื ืื ืืงืื ืืืฆืืจืคืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืื ื ืืื; English: the adverbial construct phrase is in genitive or accusative position
ุงููุนู ุงููุงูุต ูุญุชุงุฌ ุฅูู ุงุณู ูุฎุจุฑ
ืืคืืขื ืืืกืจ ืฆืจืื ืฉื ืื ืชืื; English: the incomplete verb needs a subject and predicate
ุชุงุจุน ุงูู ุถู ูู ูููู ู ุถู ูู ุงู
ืืืฆืืจื ืฉื ืื ืืฉื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืจืืช; English: the follower of a raised element is raised
ุงูุญุฑู ุงูุฐู ูุฏุฎู ุนูู ุงููุนู ูุคุซุฑ ุนูู ุฅุนุฑุงุจู
ืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืคืืขื ืืฉืคืืขื ืขื ืืืงืกื; English: the letter entering the verb affects its case
ุงูู ู ููุน ู ู ุงูุตุฑู ูุง ูููู ููุง ูููุตุจ ุฃููุงู ููุงุก
ืืืื ืฉืืกืื ืื ืืืืื ืืื ื ืงืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืืฃ ืื ืืื; English: the prevented word from flexibility does not tanween and does not become alif and ya
ููุง ูุจูู ุญุฑูุงู ููุชุฃููุฏ ูุงูุฑุฏ
ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืชืืืช ืืขืฆืืจื ืืืฉืื; English: kalla and bala are particles of emphasis and response
ุงูุณูุฏ ุงููุฑูุจ ุฃููู ู ู ุงูุณูุฏ ุงูุจุนูุฏ
ืืชืืืื ืืงืจืืื ืืืงื ืืืชืจ ืืืชืืืื ืืจืืืงื; English: the close support is stronger than the distant support
ุงูุชูุงุจุน ุงูุฃุฑุจุนุฉ: ุงูุจุฏู ูุงูุนุทู ูุงููุนุช ูุงูุจูุงู
ืืจืืข ืืจืืืคืืช: ืืืืขืื, ืืงืืฉืืจ, ืืชืืืืจ ืืืืืจื; English: the four followers: appositive, coordination, adjective and explanation
ุงูุฌู ูุฉ ุงูุงุณู ูุฉ ุฅุฐุง ูู ุชุตุฏุฑ ุจู ุจุชุฏุฃ ูุญุชุงุฌ ูุญุฑู ูุงุณุฎ
ืืืฉืคื ืืฉืื ื ืื ืื ืืชืืื ืื ืืฉื ืฆืจืื ืืืช ืืฉื ื; English: a nominal sentence if not starting with a subject needs a copulative particle
ุงููุนู ุงูู ุถุงุฑุน ููุตุจ ุจุนุฏ ูู ูุงููุชุญุฉ ุนุงู ุฉ
ืืคืืขื ืืืืื (ู ุถุงุฑุน) ื ืืื ืืืจื ืื, ืื-ุฌุฒู ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืช.
ุงูู ุฌุฑูุฑ ุจุงูุฅุถุงูุฉ ูุชูุฏู ุนูู ุงูู ุถุงู ุฅููู
ืืืืก ืืื ืืืืื ืืืงืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืืืื; English: the genitive by construct is placed before the construct genitive
ุงูุญุฑู ุงููุงุณุฎ ูุบูุฑ ุญูู ุงูู ุจุชุฏุฃ ูุงูุฎุจุฑ
ืืืืช ืืืฉื ื ืืฉื ื ืืช ืืื ื ืฉื ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืชืื; English: the copulative particle changes the ruling of the subject and predicate
ุงูุงุณู ุงูู ูุตูู ูุญุชุงุฌ ุฅูู ุตูุฉ ูุนุงุฆุฏ
ืืฉื ืืงืจืื ืฆืจืื ืืืก ืืืืจ; English: the relative noun needs a clause and a referent
ุงููุนู ุงูุซูุงุซู ูููุณู ุญุณุจ ุงูุญุฑูุงุช
ืืคืืขื ืืชืืช ืืฉื ื ืืืืืง ืืคื ืืชื ืืขืืช; English: the triliteral verb is divided according to vowels
ุงูุฅุนุฑุงุจ ุจุงูุญุฑูู ููู ุซูู ูุงูุฌู ุน ุงูุณุงูู
ืืืงืกื ืขื ืืื ืืืชืืืช ืขืืืจ ืืืื ืืจืืืื ืชืงืื; English: case marking by letters for the dual and sound plural
ุชุบููุฑ ุงูุฅุนุฑุงุจ ูุคุฏู ุฅูู ุชุบููุฑ ุงูู ุนูู
ืฉืื ืื ืืืงืกื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืืฉืืขืืช; English: change in case results in change of meaning
ุงููุนู ุงูุฌุงู ุฏ ูุง ูุฃุชู ู ูู ูุนู ู ุงุถู
ืืคืืขื ืืืืืง ืื ืื ืืื ื ืคืืขื ืขืืจ; English: the defective verb does not produce a past verb
ุงูู ูุงุฏู ุงูู ุถุงู ุฅููู ูููู ูู ู ูุถุน ุฌุฑ
ืื ืงืจื ืืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืื ืืืงืื ืื ืืืืืืื; English: the vocative construct is in genitive position
ุงูุจูุงุก ุนูู ุงูุณููู ูุงูุถู ูุงููุชุญ ูุงููุณุฑ
ืืื ืืื ืขื ืฉืืืืช, ืืืฉ, ืคืชืื ืืงืกืจื; English: construction on quiescence, damma, fatha and kasra