Level 1 — Absolute Beginner
Archaeologists work in Spain. They study old things from the past.
They found a bronze chariot. It is very old. It is from the 5th century BC. That is more than 2,000 years ago.
The chariot is from a place called Casas del Turuñuelo. This is in Badajoz, in southwestern Spain. It is the first chariot like this ever found in Spain.
The chariot has pictures on it. It has a river god and griffins. A griffin is an animal with wings. People found the chariot near a room for big meals.
- archaeologist
- a person who studies old objects from the past
- bronze
- a strong metal made from copper and tin
- chariot
- an old vehicle with wheels, pulled by animals
- ancient
- very old, from a long time ago
- century
- a period of 100 years
- griffin
- an imaginary animal with wings and claws
- decoration
- art or design added to something to make it beautiful
- found
- discovered something after searching
Level 2 — Elementary
Archaeologists working in southwestern Spain have found a rare bronze chariot. It dates back to the 5th century BC, which makes it more than 2,400 years old.
The chariot was discovered at Casas del Turuñuelo, an ancient settlement in Badajoz province. It belonged to the Tartessos people, an advanced culture that lived in Spain during the Iron Age. This is the first chariot of its kind ever found on the Iberian Peninsula.
Only half of the chariot survived, including two wheels and part of its main body. Even so, it shows fine detail and skilled metalworking. Builders joined several bronze parts together using iron fittings.
The chariot is decorated with images of Achelous, a river god from Greek and Etruscan stories, and griffins at each end. Archaeologists say similar chariots have only been found in the Etruscan world of ancient Italy. This suggests that the Tartessos people had trade contacts with the Etruscans across the Mediterranean Sea.
- settlement
- a place where people built a community to live
- Iron Age
- a period in history when people began using iron tools
- Iberian Peninsula
- the region of Europe that includes Spain and Portugal
- metalworking
- the skill of shaping metal into objects
- fitting
- a small part used to join or fix pieces together
- Etruscan
- belonging to an ancient culture that lived in Italy before the Romans
- Mediterranean
- the sea between Europe, Africa, and Asia
- trade contact
- a connection between groups who exchange goods
Level 3 — Intermediate
Archaeologists excavating the ancient Tartessian settlement of Casas del Turuñuelo, in Badajoz province in southwestern Spain, have uncovered an exceptionally rare bronze ceremonial chariot dating to the 5th century BC. The discovery is being described as the first artifact of its kind ever found on the Iberian Peninsula, offering a striking new window into a civilization that has long remained something of a mystery.
Although only half of the chariot survives, including two wheels and part of the main body, the surviving portion preserves an extraordinary level of decorative detail. The construction reveals sophisticated metalworking, in which multiple bronze components were assembled and reinforced with iron fittings, a technique that speaks to the technical ability of Tartessian craftsmen.
Among the chariot's decorations are depictions of Achelous, a river god familiar from both Greek and Etruscan mythology, along with griffins positioned at either end of the structure. According to the archaeologists involved, the only closely comparable pieces come from the Etruscan world of ancient Italy, reinforcing the theory that Tartessos, an advanced Iron Age culture, maintained trade and cultural links across the Mediterranean, including with the Etruscans.
The chariot was uncovered beside what researchers identify as a banquet hall, lending support to the idea that it played a role in a final ceremonial feast held just before the building was deliberately closed and buried at the end of the 5th century BC. Other objects recovered from the same context include fine pottery from the Attica region of Greece, an Egyptian alabaster vessel, and ivory objects carved with images of warriors, animals, and plants, all pointing to a society deeply connected to the wider ancient world.
- excavate
- to dig carefully in order to find and study old objects
- ceremonial
- used for a formal event or ritual, not everyday use
- artifact
- an object made by humans in the past that has historical value
- craftsman
- a skilled worker who makes things by hand
- mythology
- traditional stories about gods and legendary beings
- banquet
- a large, formal meal, often for a special occasion
- alabaster
- a soft, pale stone often carved into decorative objects
- reinforce
- to strengthen or support something
Level 4 — Advanced
The excavation of the ancient Tartessian settlement of Casas del Turuñuelo, in Badajoz province in southwestern Spain, has yielded an exceptionally rare bronze ceremonial chariot dating to the 5th century BC, an artifact archaeologists describe as unprecedented on the Iberian Peninsula. The find represents a significant addition to the material record of Tartessos, a civilization whose political and cultural contours remain only partially understood despite decades of scholarly attention.
Though the chariot survives only in fragmentary form, comprising two wheels and a portion of the main body, the preserved sections retain a remarkable degree of decorative fidelity. The object's construction attests to a sophisticated metalworking tradition in which multiple bronze components were fabricated separately and subsequently assembled using iron fittings, a hybrid technique that underscores the technical ambition of Tartessian artisans and their command of composite metalwork.
Iconographically, the chariot bears depictions of Achelous, a river deity attested in both Greek and Etruscan mythological traditions, flanked by griffins positioned at either extremity of the structure. Archaeologists note that the closest known parallels to this piece originate exclusively from the Etruscan world of ancient Italy, a resemblance that lends considerable weight to the hypothesis that Tartessos, generally regarded as an advanced Iron Age polity, was embedded within a broader network of Mediterranean trade and cultural exchange extending as far as the Etruscan city states.
The chariot's placement adjacent to what has been identified as a banquet hall further substantiates the interpretation that it served a ceremonial function, potentially deployed in a culminating ritual feast preceding the deliberate closure and burial of the structure at the close of the 5th century BC. This interpretation is bolstered by the accompanying assemblage, which includes fine Attic pottery imported from Greece, an Egyptian alabaster vessel, and ivory carvings depicting warriors, animals, and botanical motifs, a constellation of objects that collectively situates Tartessos within a cosmopolitan sphere of exchange spanning the ancient Mediterranean world.
- unprecedented
- never having happened or existed before
- fragmentary
- existing only in broken or incomplete pieces
- iconographically
- in terms of the images or symbols used in art
- deity
- a god or goddess
- polity
- an organized society or state with its own government
- cosmopolitan
- including influences from many different countries and cultures
- assemblage
- a collection of objects found together
- hypothesis
- an idea proposed as a possible explanation, to be tested by evidence
